Wufu (五福) — The Five Blessings

Wufu is an ideational schema recorded in early Chinese texts and later popularized in household and decorative practice. The phrase appears in canonical literature (notably the Book of Documents/Hong Fan) with a fivefold enumeration of desirable outcomes; the Han‑era writer Huan Tan reworked the list in his Xinlun. Rather than narrating a single mythic origin, Wufu emerges from cosmological ordering (including the auspiciousness of the number five and its resonance with Five Elements thought) and from textual authority that shaped later popular usages.

As a concept, Wufu is represented through motifs and rebuses rather than an anthropomorphic form. Common visualizations include the "Wu Fu Peng Shou" rebus — five bats arranged around the character 壽 (longevity) — used in architecture and decoration, and the "Wu Fu He He" motif showing five bats above a round box (盒, homophonous with 合 'harmony') employed in marital contexts. Wufu is also posted as red paper slogans like 五褔臨門 (Wu Fu Lin Men) during Chinese New Year.

Wufu has no agency in the sources; it does not act as a spirit. The concept is invoked symbolically to bring or invite blessings when displayed or spoken: posting 'Wu Fu Lin Men' or exhibiting rebus motifs is intended to invite longevity, wealth, harmony, status, and abundant descendants to a household through symbolic association and ritualized social practice.